Fix passing incorrect attrs slice to WireWrite

This leads to a further reduction in allocations per call. Before:
	goos: linux
	goarch: amd64
	pkg: src.lwithers.me.uk/go/journal
	cpu: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz
	BenchmarkEntry-8   	12611158	    1445 ns/op	   221 B/op	     7 allocs/op
	PASS
	ok  	src.lwithers.me.uk/go/journal	19.673s

After:
	goos: linux
	goarch: amd64
	pkg: src.lwithers.me.uk/go/journal
	cpu: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1135G7 @ 2.40GHz
	BenchmarkEntry-8   	13613377	     1329 ns/op	    149 B/op	      5 allocs/op
	PASS
	ok  	src.lwithers.me.uk/go/journal	19.435s

conn.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package journal
 
 import (
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 )
 
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ type Conn struct {
 
 	s    *net.UnixConn
 	bufs sync.Pool
+	atts sync.Pool
 }
 
 // Connect to the systemd journal. If the path string is empty, then it uses the
@@ -40,23 +42,26 @@ func Connect(path string) (*Conn, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	return &Conn{
+	c := &Conn{
 		s: s,
 		bufs: sync.Pool{
 			New: func() any {
 				return &net.Buffers{}
 			},
 		},
-	}, nil
+	}
+	c.atts = sync.Pool{
+		New: func() any {
+			return make([]Attr, 0, 2+len(c.Common))
+		},
+	}
+	return c, nil
 }
 
 var messageAttrKey = AttrKey{key: "MESSAGE"}
 
 // Entry emits a log entry. It will add PRIORITY and MESSAGE key/value pairs
 // as well as any Common attributes.
-//
-// Note: to avoid allocation / garbage, ensure attrs has capacity for an extra
-// 2+len(c.Common) values.
 func (c *Conn) Entry(pri Priority, msg string, attrs []Attr) {
 	err := c.EntryErr(pri, msg, attrs)
 	switch {
@@ -72,12 +77,18 @@ func (c *Conn) Entry(pri Priority, msg string, attrs []Attr) {
 // EntryErr is like Entry, but will propagate errors to the caller, rather than
 // using the built-in error handler.
 func (c *Conn) EntryErr(pri Priority, msg string, attrs []Attr) error {
-	attrs = append(attrs, pri.Attr(), Attr{
+	a := c.atts.Get().([]Attr)
+	a = slices.Grow(a[:0], 2+len(c.Common)+len(attrs))
+	a = append(a, pri.Attr(), Attr{
 		Key:   messageAttrKey,
 		Value: []byte(msg),
 	})
-	attrs = append(attrs, c.Common...)
+	a = append(a, c.Common...)
-	return c.WriteAttrs(attrs)
+	a = append(a, attrs...)
+	err := c.WriteAttrs(a)
+	slices.Delete(a, 0, len(a)) // ensure GC doesn't see refs to old data
+	c.atts.Put(a)
+	return err
 }
 
 // WriteAttrs is a low-level method which writes a journal entry comprised of
@@ -86,6 +97,7 @@ func (c *Conn) WriteAttrs(attrs []Attr) error {
 	buf := c.bufs.Get().(*net.Buffers)
 	*buf = (*buf)[:0]
 	err := WireWrite(buf, c.s, attrs)
+	slices.Delete(*buf, 0, len(*buf)) // ensure GC doesn't see refs to old data
 	c.bufs.Put(buf)
 	return err
 }

conn_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+package journal
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type testingCommon interface {
+	TempDir() string
+	Fatalf(string, ...any)
+}
+
+// testConnector spawns a Conn with a local Unix datagram socket that checks
+// incoming datagrams for well-formedness but otherwise discards them.
+func testConnector(t testingCommon) *Conn {
+	sockPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test-socket")
+	sock, err := net.ListenUnixgram("unixgram", &net.UnixAddr{
+		Name: sockPath,
+		Net:  "unixgram",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("testConnector: ListenUnix: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, 1<<16 /*enough for our tests */)
+		for {
+			n, err := sock.Read(buf)
+			switch err {
+			case nil:
+			case io.EOF:
+				return
+			default:
+				t.Fatalf("testConnector: Read: %v", err)
+			}
+			ok, pos, desc := checkWellFormedProto(buf[:n])
+			if !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("received malformed data at pos 0x%x: %s\n%s", pos, desc, hex.Dump(buf[:n]))
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	conn, err := Connect(sockPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("testConnector: DialUnix: %v", err)
+	}
+	conn.ErrHandler = func(err error) {
+		t.Fatalf("testConnector: connection error: %v", err)
+	}
+	return conn
+}
+
+func checkWellFormedProto(buf []byte) (ok bool, pos int, desc string) {
+	for pos < len(buf) {
+		// grab attribute name up to '=' or '\n'
+		off := bytes.IndexAny(buf[pos:], "=\n")
+		if off == -1 {
+			return false, pos, "unterminated key"
+		}
+		key := string(buf[pos : pos+off])
+		if err := AttrKeyValid(key); err != nil {
+			return false, pos, err.Error()
+		}
+		pos += off
+
+		// for KEY=VALUE, the value is terminated by a newline
+		if buf[pos] == '=' {
+			pos++
+			off = bytes.IndexByte(buf[pos:], '\n')
+			if off == -1 {
+				return false, pos, "unterminated value"
+			}
+			pos += off // consume value
+			pos++      // consume trailing newline
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// otherwise, expect an 8-bit little-endian length
+		pos++ // consume newline after key
+		if pos+8 > len(buf) {
+			return false, pos, "value length too short"
+		}
+		vlen := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(buf[pos:])
+		pos += 8
+		if vlen > uint64(len(buf)) /* protect against overflow */ ||
+			uint64(pos)+vlen+1 > uint64(len(buf)) {
+			return false, pos, "value length too long"
+		}
+		pos += int(vlen)
+		if buf[pos] != '\n' {
+			return false, pos, "value not terminated by newline"
+		}
+		pos++
+	}
+	return true, pos, ""
+}
+
+// TestConcurrentEntries is best run with the race detector, and tries to pick
+// up any faults that might occur when concurrent goroutines write into the same
+// Conn.
+func TestConcurrentEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	c := testConnector(t)
+
+	// attributes which will be common to all EntryErr calls
+	attr := make([]Attr, 0, 10 /* enough capacity to avoid realloc on append; might trigger data races */)
+	attr = append(attr, Attr{
+		Key: AttrKey{
+			key: "HELLO",
+		},
+		Value: []byte("world"),
+	})
+
+	// spawn goroutines
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			<-start
+			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+				err := c.EntryErr(PriDebug, "message "+strconv.Itoa(i)+"."+strconv.Itoa(j), attr)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("message %d.%d error: %v", i, j, err)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	// try to get all the goroutines to start at roughly the same time
+	close(start)
+}
+
+// BenchmarkEntry is a benchmark for the common Entry function.
+func BenchmarkEntry(b *testing.B) {
+	c := testConnector(b)
+
+	// add some common attributes
+	c.Common = make([]Attr, 0, 10)
+	c.Common = append(c.Common, Attr{
+		Key: AttrKey{
+			key: "COMMON_ATTR",
+		},
+		Value: []byte("abc123\n"),
+	})
+
+	// attributes which will be common to all EntryErr calls
+	attr := make([]Attr, 0, 10)
+	attr = append(attr, Attr{
+		Key: AttrKey{
+			key: "HELLO",
+		},
+		Value: []byte("world"),
+	})
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		err := c.EntryErr(PriDebug, "hello world!", attr)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("message %d: error %v", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

wire_proto.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"io"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ var (
 // atomic, and this function is safe to use across goroutines. Otherwise,
 // writes may be interleaved.
 func WireWrite(buf *net.Buffers, w io.Writer, attrs []Attr) error {
+	*buf = slices.Grow(*buf, len(*buf)+len(attrs)*4)
 	for i := range attrs {
 		key := attrs[i].Key.key
 		if key == "" {